lemon v kurtzman 1971 essays

lemon v kurtzman 1971 essays The name of the case is Lemon v. Kurtzman; the Chief Justice in charge of the case was Warren Burger. The case was argued on March 3, 1971 and decided on June 28, 1971. These three cases from Pennsylvania and Rhode Island involved public assistance to private schools, some of which were religious. Pennsylvania's law included paying the salaries of teachers in parochial schools, assisting the purchasing of textbooks, and other teaching supplies. In Rhode Island, the State paid 15% of the salaries of private school teachers. A federal court upheld the Pennsylvania law while a District Court ruled that the Rhode Island law fostered 'excessive entanglement'. The case is about actions challenging constitutionality of state aid to, or for the benefit of, nonpublic schools. A three-judge United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island said that the Rhode Island statute was unconstitutional, while a three-judge United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, dismissed the complaint that challenged the Pennsylvania statute, and appeals were taken. The Supreme Court, Chief Justice Burger, held that both statutes, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, were unconstitutional under the religion clauses of the First Amendment. The Courts decision was unanimous 8-0; it determined that the case was unconstitutional. The decision stated that there are three criteria that should be used to assess legislation: "First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances or inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster and excessive government Entanglement with religion." The teachers whose salaries are partially being paid by the State are religious agents who work under the rule of religious officials. There is an innate conflict in this situation of which the state should remain clear. To guarantee that tea ...

College Time Management 101

College Time Management 101 Time management can be one of the most important- and difficult- skills to learn during your college years. With so much going on, staying on top of your time can sometimes seem impossible. You might very well come to realize that time is your most precious commodity in college. Fortunately, however, there are a number of things you can do to help make sure your time management as a student leaves you feeling organized and in control instead of exhausted and behind. Planning Ahead You cant plan your time well if you dont know what youre planning for. Although it can be a pain in the brain, spending a little time now can help save a ton of time in the future. How to Plan for a Major Research PaperHow to Plan for a Major Group ProjectHow to Prevent Procrastination in the First Place8 Steps for Strong Time Management in College Avoiding Problems in Advance Of course, sometimes  life just happens. So how can you make sure you avoid unnecessary time traps that can turn from a minor inconvenience to a major problem? Top 10 Time Wasters in CollegeJust What Is Good Time Management Anyway? Executing Youve planned ahead. You know what to look out for along the way. Youre ready to start this semester/project/paper/you-name-it and stay on top of your time, all of the time. Whats the best way to execute your plans? Good Time Management Systems- and How to Use Them5 Critical Time Management Skills for College StudentsUsing the TIMED System for College Time Management Finding Motivation Along the Way Good time management takes, well, time. So what can you do if you find yourself needing a little motivation along the way? 8 Benefits of Good Time Management5 Disadvantages of Bad Time ManagementTime Management Quotations Times Up?! What to Do If Time Runs Out Sometimes, not matter how much you plan or how great your intentions are, things just dont work out. So what can you do to fix- and learn from- your time management mistakes? How to Ask for an ExtensionHow to Make a Paper LongerHow to Break the Habit of Procrastination Just like everything else youre learning during your time in school, great time management skills take time to learn- and that includes letting yourself learn from your mistakes. Strong time management is important enough, however, that continually striving to improve is worth the effort each and every time.